Recent News

Veterans Disability Navigator Project unveils blueprint for a comprehensive benefits information service

WID has produced the blueprint for a set of self-directed learning tools on employment and benefits to support planning and decision-making for veterans, family members, and the people who work with them. These products make possible the planned development of a web-based, real-time benefits information service, Veterans Benefits 101 (VB101).

WID Founder Ed Roberts to be inducted into the California Hall of Fame

WID Founder Ed Roberts will be inducted into the California Hall of Fame at a ceremony on December 8, 2011 and part of an exhibition at the California Museum in Sacramento from Dec. 9, 2011 through Oct. 31, 2012.

WID’s New Leaders Internship Program provides competitive internships for undergraduate students with disabilities

In 2010, WID started the New Leaders Internship Program in collaboration with the University of California, Berkeley with support from the AT&T Foundation and Verizon Foundation and is providing paid internships to undergraduate students with disabilities. Targeting students with disabilities from low-income and traditionally underserved communities, seven competitively selected interns (five from UC Berkeley) are currently placed in a WID program based on their skills and interests and provided supervised work experience to help build their resumes.

World Institute on Disability Welcomes John Lancaster to Board of Directors

WID welcomes John Lancaster to our Board of Directors. Active in the development of the human and civil rights of people with disabilities throughout the world, Mr. Lancaster will enrich our organization with his decades of public service and experience promoting disability rights internationally.

World Institute on Disability (WID) Welcomes Nanci Linke-Ellis to Board of Directors

Berkeley, California USA Friday, February 18, 2011--Nanci Linke-Ellis, Partner and General Manager of Captionfish--one of the internet’s leading captioned movies search engines that finds open captioned, Rear Window® captioned, foreign/subtitled, and descriptively-narrated movies--and longtime advocate for individuals experiencing hearing loss, joined the World Institute on Disability's Board of Directors in February.

WID Moves to the Ed Roberts Campus!

On November 15, 2010 WID moved to the Ed Roberts Campus (ERC), named after Ed Roberts, one of our founders, and envisioned as an international center for the Independent Living Movement. Please note our new address and contact information: World Institute on Disability 3075 Adeline Street, Suite 280 Berkeley, CA 94703 Tel: (510) 225-6400 Fax: (510) 225-0477 TTY: (510) 225-0478 www.wid.org

WID Deputy Director Thomas Foley to receive 2010 Richard Keeling Leadership Award

The National Disability Institute announced in August that Thomas Foley, WID’s Deputy Director, will receive the 2010 Richard Keeling Leadership Award for outstanding leadership in building a better economic future for Americans with disabilities.

WID’s new Veterans’ Benefits 101 (VB101) Project to create online tools and information services for U.S. veterans with disabilities

Recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have increased the number of veterans with disabilities in the U.S., including many who have survived serious injuries due to medical and technological advances not available in previous wars. Like most people with disabilities, newly disabled veterans want to find a job, continue their education, raise a family or otherwise get on with living their lives. Also like many other people with disabilities, newly disabled veterans are faced with maneuvering the myriad of programs and services available to them to restart their lives and support their employment and educational goals, but many give up along the way or miss opportunities as a result of this complex maze of bureaucracies. To support both individual veterans and service providers to facilitate veterans’ smooth transition back to work and manage and maximize the programs, benefits, services and opportunities afforded veterans with disabilities, WID is building understandable, comprehensive, and interactive online tools so that veterans can take better control of their own benefits planning process.

Affordable Care Act (ACA) Summary and Updates

In late March of 2010, the U.S. Congress finished passing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (H.R. 3590) and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (H.R. 4872). Soon after, President Obama signed these pieces of legislation into law, creating Public Law 111-148 (the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act) and Public Law 111-152 (the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010). Together, these laws are commonly known as the Affordable Care Act (ACA). These laws will result in significant reform of our nation’s health care system, including extending health care coverage to many more millions of Americans.

Judith Heumann to Join U.S. State Department in Fulfillment of Obama-Clinton Pledge

Judith Heumann, an international leader in the disability rights movement and a governmental representative to the USICD Board of Directors, will be joining the U.S. Department of State as their Special Advisor for International Disability Rights. This position was announced last summer, when President Obama and Secretary Clinton declared that the United States would sign the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Heumann resigned her position as Director of the Department on Disability Services for the District of Columbia, and will assume her new position at the Department of State on June 7, 2010.

World Institute on Disability Commends Congresswoman Tsongas (D-MA), along with Congressman Petri (R-WI), for Introducing the SSI Savers Act of 2010

Congresswoman Tsongas (D-MA), along with Congressman Petri (R-WI), introduced the SSI Savers Act of 2010 (H.R. 4937), proposing to reform the asset test in the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program, the primary provider of subsistence cash to extremely low-income individuals, seniors and people with disabilities.

World Institute on Disability Applauds FCC

The World Institute on Disability (WID) applauds the Federal Communications Commission's National Broadband Plan for recognizing the importance of broadband access for millions of people with disabilities in the United States. "While a National Broadband Plan is a significant step forward to ensure full economic and civic participation by people with disabilities in the United States, it is also a significant step forward to ensure that millions of Americans with disabilities will be able to fully participate in a global economy," stated Anita Aaron, World Institute on Disability’s Executive Director.

WID Welcomes New Executive Director Anita Shafer Aaron

The World Institute on Disability (WID) is pleased to announce the appointment of Anita Shafer Aaron as Executive Director. Aaron replaces Kathy Martinez who left WID earlier this year to accept a position in the Obama administration as Assistant Secretary for the Department of Labor's Office on Disability Employment Policy. In joining WID, Aaron concludes nearly twenty years of service as Executive Director/CEO of the LightHouse for the Blind and Visually Impaired, headquartered in San Francisco. The LightHouse mission includes advocacy, information, education, services and programs focused on adjustment to and living with vision loss.

Oldies but Goodies: Classic WID publications now available to download for free

As WID prepares to move to the new Ed Roberts Campus, we are dusting off our older publications and making them available to download for free in both PDF and TXT on our website. Visit our Publications section to download WID classics on personal assistance services (PAS) and more for free.

New WID Project in the Republic of Georgia Builds Wheelchairs and Removes Barriers

WID's International Program launched in 2009 a 3-year project in the Republic of Georgia in partnership with Whirlwind Wheelchair International (WWI) and the Coalition for Independent Living in Georgia, along with their regional member organizations, the Association of Disabled Women and Mothers of Disabled Children in Zugdidi and the Association of Gori Disabled Club, to set up a sustainable wheelchair production and repair facility in Tbilisi.

Year in Review: World Institute on Disability’s 2009 Accomplishments

The World Institute on Disability’s vision is a world where people with disabilities live fully integrated lives economically and socially. As an internationally recognized public policy center organized by and for people with disabilities, WID’s mission in communities and nations worldwide is to eliminate barriers to full social integration and increase employment, economic security, and health care for persons with disabilities.

New Law Will Improve Medi-Cal for California Workers with Disabilities

Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger of California signed AB 1269 into law just a few hours before the legal deadline on October 11, 2009. Staff for the bill’s author, Assemblymember Julia Brownley (Santa Monica), informed the bill’s sponsor, World Institute on Disability, WID, shortly after the bill became law. California residents who work and use Medi-Cal services reacted swiftly. “The changes made by this law will finally allow thousands of Californians with significant disabilities to go to work without jeopardizing vital health care that is not available under employer-sponsored health insurance, or Medicare coverage,” declared Alana Theriault, Director of Benefits Planning for Abilicorp, a disability-focused employment company.

CAPE: Curriculum on Abuse Prevention and Empowerment

Abuse of people with disabilities and elders creates a significant barrier to independent living and full integration into the community. Abuse and mistreatment is defined as any unwanted, hurtful, dangerous, neglectful, frightening, insulting, oppressive, or demeaning behavior directed at a person or persons with disabilities. It can include physical, verbal, emotional, sexual, or financial mistreatment, including theft, violation of privacy or autonomy, and crime, including hate crime. To reduce the incidence of abuse, WID created a comprehensive training curriculum in English and Spanish to educate people with disabilities, services providers, and family members about abuse awareness and prevention strategies.

Kathleen Martinez, WID Executive Director, Tapped by White House as New DOL Assistant Secretary

World Institute on Disability proudly announces swearing in of Executive Director Kathleen Martinez as Assistant Secretary for U.S. Department of Labor’s Office of Disability Employment Policy (ODEP). ODEP was established to bring permanent focus within the U.S. Department of Labor and across the Federal government to address barriers to employment facing people with disabilities and to better coordinate matters affecting employment of Americans with disabilities. Martinez was appointed WID’s Executive Director in 2005, after serving as Deputy Director since 2002.

Workforce Health and Productivity in Health Care Reform

Two day Workforce Health and Productivity Summit in November 2008 publishes its Workforce Summit Report. The World Institute on Disability (WID) was an active participant at this thought challenging two-day Summit focused on proactive health strategies and workplace health management. The Report's Executive Summary reflects WID's contributions when describing a workforce that includes those of us who live and work with long-term chronic conditions and disabilities. This is a report from corporate America, with WID contributions as a coherent partner, on topics of economic empowerment and the health we need to achieve it.

SOLD OUT! 11th Annual Ever Widening Circle Features the Legendary Janis Ian, October 30, 2009

Join us for a very special night, as we celebrate the 11th Annual Ever Widening Circle with renowned singer and songwriter Janis Ian, who has recorded such hits as “At Seventeen,” “Jesse” and “Society’s Child.” A career that has spanned more than 40 years, Janis has been prolific in writing and recording music that has garnered her 9 Grammy nominations (2 wins) with her songs being recorded by herself and countless others. In addition to her multi talented music career, she is also a columnist, lecturer and science fiction writer. Come hear a legend in an intimate one-of-a-kind setting. This year’s event will again take place in the ballroom of the downtown Oakland Marriott on Friday, October 30, 2009. The evening will open with writer and performer Greg Walloch and include a variety of exquisite desserts that will be served during intermission.

Samuel Simon, Vice-Chair of WID's Board of Directors, receives inaugural Frank Bowe Award

Samuel Simon, Vice-Chair of WID's Board of Directors, received the inaugural Frank Bowe Award in recognition of his contribution to the development of disability policy in telecommunications. The award was given on June 5th at the University Club at Hofstra University following a Disability Leadership and Policy Summit.

Bruce Curtis travels to Iraq to train disability NGOs in advocacy strategies

Bruce Curtis is used to dealing with obstacles - stairs in front of a door, uneven spots in a sidewalk, telephones that need dialing...

Dr. Marsha Saxton presents Irving Kenneth Zola Memorial Lecture

Marsha Saxton, researcher at the World Institute on Disability and lecturer in the UC Berkeley Disability Studies program, presented this year's Irving Kenneth Zola Memorial Lecture at Brandeis University in the Boston area on March 31, 2008. Irving Kenneth Zola was a much beloved leader in the disability studies movement from the early 70's until his death in 1995. A contemporary of Ed Roberts, Irv, in his capacities as medical sociologist and disability rights activist was particularly interested in the relationship between patients and doctors, and the interaction between the medical system and disability issues.

WID and American Red Cross Partner to Provide Innovative Training to Better Assist People With Disabilities

WID and the American Red Cross announced on October 10, 2007 the creation of an innovative national training, awareness and action program to help Red Cross staff and volunteers better serve people with disabilities during disasters. The specialized training program will be funded through a grant from the Verizon Foundation. “The American Red Cross is committed to providing the best service possible by constantly learning and building on its over 100 years of providing disaster relief," said Harold Brooks, chief executive officer of the organization’s Bay Area Chapter. "The American Red Cross trains staff and volunteers to respond to almost 75,000 disasters annually. This grant from Verizon is much appreciated and will help people with disabilities through this collaboration with the World Institute on Disability,” Brooks said.

Sticks and Stones: Disabled People’s Stories of Abuse, Defiance and Resilience

Sticks and Stones is a collection of over fifty stories about facing abuse and violence. The compelling stories are told by a diverse group of people with disabilities, as well as family members, services providers, and other allies, and cover a wide range of mistreatment and recovery experiences. Studies show that abuse and violence are high-priority concerns for disabled people; rates of abuse are shockingly high. Women and children with disabilities are sexually assaulted at a rate that is three times higher than the one for those without disabilities. Disabled men also experience high rates of abuse.

WID Executive Director Named to Board of U.S. Institute of Peace, Sworn in by former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor

Six new members of the Board of Directors of the United States Institute of Peace were sworn in by former Associate Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor on September 20, including Kathleen Martinez, appointed in recognition of her expertise in working with disability groups in post-conflict countries such as Ethiopia, South Africa, Namibia, El Salvador, and Nicaragua. In addition WID is working in the Caucasus to demonstrate how disability can be an often overlooked bridge to conflict resolution. Martinez is the first disability rights expert to be appointed to this board.

WID celebrates the first Ed Roberts Day in California

This the text of a speech by Ed Roberts, one of WID’s founders, at the 504 sit-in victory rally in San Francisco, April 30, 1977. We have chosen to reprint it to commemorate the first Ed Roberts Day, January 23, 2011, in the State of California. Ed’s speech captures his spirit, his vision and his commitment to the disability rights movement that was then in its infancy. The San Francisco sit-in, still the longest such action in a U.S. federal building, was part of a national cross-disability protest to force the Carter administration to sign regulations to enable the enforcement of section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. The provision made it illegal for any federal agency, federal contractor or other entity receiving public funds to discriminate against anyone "solely by reason of ...handicap."

Sold Out! 9th Annual Ever Widening Circle to Feature Josh Blue

The 9th Annual Ever Widening Circle, our annual gala celebrating disability community and culture by featuring world-class performers with disabilities, will be held on Wednesday, October 10, 2007 from 7:00-9:30pm in the main ballroom of the Oakland Marriott City Center, 1001 Broadway, Oakland, California. Sponsored by WID and Culture! Disability! Talent! (CDT), this year's event will headline comedian Josh Blue, 2006 winner of NBC's Last Comic Standing, and feature the musical styling of vocalist and pianist Slau. (photo by Crystal Allen)

2007 Bridges to Employment Conference to Take Place June 13-15 in Miami, Florida

National Forum on Employment Issues & Latinos with Disabilities Miami to Host Sixth Annual Bridges to Employment Conference June 13-15

Interview with Kathy Martinez

On December 16, 2006, WID Executive Director Kathy Martinez was interviewed on "Workin' It," a weekly, one-hour radio show focusing on working life in the U.S. hosted by actress/author/political activist Jackie Guerra. Martinez was invited to discuss her personal experience as well as employment for people with disabilities. The interview aired on 47 radio stations in 27 states.

DB101 Introduces Online Benefits Calculators

Disability Benefits 101 (DB101) at the World Institute on Disability has built online benefits calculators for people with disabilities, their families, as well as service providers and the employers who work with them. They are available at www.disabilitybenefits101.org/planning/.

New Tools and New Rules 2007

Seamless access to health care is a complicated but upfront quality of life issue for people with disabilities. While gaining independence is at the core of the struggle for affordable, accessible health care, many people find health care programs available to people with disabilities hard to work with. Read this article to learn more about policy for the 250% Working Disabled Program and new calculator tools.

Event to Introduce World Institute on Disability (WID) Projects and New Leadership Held in Washington, D.C.

On March 7th 2006, the East Coast board members of the World Institute on Disability (WID) held a briefing and reception for 50 Washington D.C. based colleagues on the organization's projects and leadership. Board members Sam Simon of Issue Dynamics, Inc., Patrick Gaston of the Verizon Foundation, and Susan Mazrui of Cingular Wireless, all leaders in information technology initiatives for Americans with disabilities, hosted the event.

WID Welcomes New Board Chair

In January, WID welcomed Martin B. Schulter as the new Chair of WID's Board of Directors. "As the new Chair of WID's board, Marty brings to WID a great combination of disability advocate, business acumen and a respected leader in higher education," said WID's Executive Director, Kathy Martinez. Prior to becoming Chair in 2006, Mr. Schulter previously served as Vice-Chair from 2003 to 2006 and has been a board member since 2001.

2007 Bridges to Employment Conference to Take Place June 13-15 in Miami, Florida

Proyecto Visión's annual Bridges to Employment Conference will take place June 13-15 in Miami, Florida at the Radisson Miami hotel. It is the premiere event on employment and Latinos with disabilities in the United States. Each year recruiters, vocational experts and jobseekers from around the country convene to participate in trainings and exchanges on occupational issues, and collaborate to increase job opportunities for Latinos with disabilities.

Current Project: WID awarded contract from the Social Security Administration

In September 2005, the Social Security Administration awarded WID a contract to expand Disability Benefits 101 Information Services (DB101), part of WID's California Work Incentives Initiative (CWII). The Social Security contract enables the program to complete design, installation, integration and beta testing of DB101's Benefits Planning Sessions, six new user-friendly benefit planning scenarios with calculator features.

Amazing Matt Savage Leaves Ever Widening Circle 2005 Spellbound

The 7th Annual Ever Widening Circle: An Evening of Entertainment Celebrating Art and Disability, held September 29, 2005 at Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco, featured an entertaining and diverse assemblage of celebrated performers with disabilities. This year's headliner, the amazing Matt Savage and his Jazz Trio (www.savagerecords.com), mesmerized the house. Savage, a 13 year-old world-class child prodigy jazz piano player and composer who was diagnosed with autism at the age of three, recorded his first CD in 1999 when he was just 7 years old. At the age of 9, Matt formed his Jazz Trio, headed by Matt on piano with two adult sidemen on bass (John Funkhouser) and drums (Steve Sliverstein).

Kathleen Martinez Appointed Executive Director of World Institute on Disability

"We are very proud that Kathy Martinez will be the organization's Executive Director and confident that this well known disability rights and policy specialist will lead us in exciting new directions," announced Dr. Stanley Yarnell, Chairman of the Board of the World Institute on Disability. She was appointed by the Board following the resignation of Mark Breimhorst in July.

13th Annual Ever Widening Circle to honor Senator Tom Harkin and feature AXIS Dance Company on Friday, October 28, 2011

Join WID, our friends and supporters at our newly designed fundraising gala, Ever Widening Circle, for a special performance by AXIS Dance Company, one of the world's most acclaimed and innovative ensembles of artists with and without disabilities, performing with world-renowned avant-garde cellist, Joan Jeanrenaud. This year Ever Widening Circle will follow a day-long Disability Policy Summit, showcase our new home at the Ed Roberts Campus and provide our VIP guests, sponsors and supporters with an intimate and exciting event that incorporates the unique architectural elements of the ERC space and celebrates the dancer in each of us.

New training video/DVD and curriculum for medical providers! Access to Medical Care: Adults with Physical Disabilities

People with disabilities often face multiple barriers to receiving appropriate health and wellness services. This twenty-minute video/DVD and training curriculum for physicians, dentists, nurses, and other medical staff provides crucial information on quality of care for patients with disabilities in outpatient clinical settings. In this video, expert medical providers and diverse people with disabilities address issues such as cultural competence; access and communication issues in the clinic; common myths and stereotypes about disability that interfere with accurate assessment of patients; and barriers to appropriate health care delivery.

The 9th Annual Ever Widening Circle Highlights Comedy and Music

A sold out crowd enjoyed artistic excellence, conversation, community and celebrating disability culture at the 9th Annual Ever Widening Circle, Wednesday October 10 at the Marriott City Center in downtown Oakland. With ABC7's Carolyn Tyler as MC, the evening began with singer songwriter Slau (www.slau.net) and ended with the comedy of headliner Josh Blue, 2006 winner of NBC's Last Comic Standing (www.joshblue.com). The evening also included the WID Policy and Advocacy Award given to Dr. Stanley K. Yarnell and the CDT Arts and Culture Award given to Cheryl Marie Wade for their outstanding contributions to the disability community. Photo by Scot Goodman.

New publication! How to Create Disability Access to Technology: Best Practices in Electronic and Information Technology Companies

This manual explains how today's technology companies are largely ignoring a huge, untapped global market of millions of people with disabilities. In the US alone, there over 54 million people with disabilities­a market that is expected to nearly double in the next 15 years. Five easy-to-read "How To" chapters cover how technology industry experts created accessibility in their companies, how AOL's strategic commitment to accessibility averted a costly Americans with Disabilities Act verdict, and how to use the included extensive resources to understand the disability market and how it will be changing.

New publication! A Significant Alliance: The Independent Living Movement, the Service Employees International Union and the Establishment of the First Public Authorities in California

During the last decade in California, "Public Authorities" have been established in most counties to allow personal attendants to organize and seek union representation. In order to fully understand the significance of potentially losing Public Authorities due to loss of funding, it's important to understand the depth of the victory that the Public Authorities represent. This publication covers the history behind the establishment of this significant institution.

New digital publication! Mass Media and Disability

Mass Media and Disability is an overview of research and advocacy projects internationally to improve the image and expand the presence of people with disabilities in the mass media. The report includes an analytical overview of improvements in disability portrayal on television, films, public education programs and schools-based awareness projects; an overview of research on disability imagery; and in-depth reports on approaches in Australia, Germany, the Philippines, Russia, South Africa, the UK and the U.S.

Celebrate the 25th Anniversary of the World Institute on Disability at Ever Widening Circle with The Blind Boys of Alabama: November 7, 2008

Join us for the musical event of the fall season! Now in its 10th year, WID’s Ever Widening Circle will be bigger and better than ever with an evening of entertainment provided by world-class performers in the ballroom of the downtown Oakland Marriott on Friday, November 7, 2008. This year, Ever Widening Circle will feature the Grammy Award-winning talents of The Blind Boys of Alabama, revered worldwide for their unique blend of the sacred and the secular.

New publication! Independent Living and Self-Help in 2003: A Global Snapshot of a Social Change Movement

WID's 131 page report features articles and research on how disability groups are using independent living principles to improve their living conditions in North and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Also included is the International Independent Living Timeline spanning 1755 to 2003, and a selected international bibliography.

Proyecto Visión Hosts National Forum on Employment Issues & Latinos with Disabilities

More than 150 human resource professionals, recruiters, occupational experts, entrepreneurs, diversity managers, disability service providers, and disabled Latino jobseekers and their family members from around the country came together June 13-15 in Miami, Florida, for the Bridges to Employment conference. An annual event focused on increasing employment opportunities for Latinos with disabilities in the United States, the 2007 conference offered three days of workshops and plenary sessions to allow these experts and job seekers to share best practices, exchange information, and showcase employment opportunities.

2006 Ever Widening Circle Highlights

Nearly 400 friends of the disability community gathered on September 15 to celebrate the eighth annual Ever Widening Circle, a performance event benefiting the World Institute on Disability and the Corporation on Disabilities and Telecommunication.

DB101 Launches Upgraded Benefits to Work Calculator

Disability Benefits 101 (www.db101.org) at the World Institute on Disability has upgraded and launched a new 2.0 version of its Benefits to Work Calculator. The Benefits to Work Calculator shows how your benefits might change when taking a job, changing jobs or starting a business. The improved online calculator tool allows workers and job seekers to plan ahead with new features for more personal and real-life planning. Users can now compare new job offers and their impact on benefits and health coverage. DB101 also launched a newsletter, Employment Matters, news and views from DB101, to share related information on changing times, topics, programs and resources. DB101 visitors can use the subscription link to subscribe directly to the email newsletter.

2009 Ever Widening Circle Features the Legendary Janis Ian

WID and 350 of our closest friends, allies and sponsors celebrated disability culture at the 11th Annual Ever Widening Circle.

Sticks and Stones

Sticks and Stones is as collection of over fifty stories about facing abuse and violence. The compelling stories are told by a diverse group of people with disabilities, as well as family members, services providers, and other allies, and cover a wide range of mistreatment and recovery experiences.

2010 Ever Widening Circle Honors Anthony "Tony" Coelho

The 12th annual Ever Widening Circle brought over two hundred enthusiastic people together to hear Grammy nominee Maria Muldaur and humorist Greg Walloch in a salute to the twentieth anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Former Congressman and primary architect of the ADA, Anthony "Tony" Coelho, was honored with WID's Disability Leader of the Year Award for 2010.

WID Launches The Veterans' Benefits Online Tools Project

The California Work Incentives Initiative at WID spent last fall working with six national veterans and disability organizations to produce a Veterans' Benefits Online Tools Findings Report. WID is very proud to share that we are using this report to start the planning to build a national online benefits tools and information services web site, so veterans can better navigate benefit programs and secure available employment as they transition to civilian life.