Legend

• Establishment of rehabilitation centers, schools, vocational rehabilitation programs (SR)
• Social clubs, arts groups and sports organizations formed (SC)
• Groups and charities dealing with specific disabilities begun (SD)
• Cross–disability organization started (CD)
• Disability rights resolutions, legislation (DR)
• Independent living groups founded and services provided (IL)

1755 – France: Charles Michel Abbe del’Epee established first free school for the deaf in the world¹ (SR)

1760 – England: First school for deaf ²(SR)

1784 – Italy: First school for deaf³(SR)

1817 – USA: First School for Deaf⁴(SR)

1832 – USA: Perkins School for the Blind in Boston admits first two students⁵ (SR)

1864 – USA: Columbus Institution (later National Deaf–Mute College; now Gallaudet University) offers first degrees⁶ (SR)

1868 – Sweden: Stockholm Deaf Club⁷ (SD)

1880 – International meeting of educators of deaf children, held in Milan, Italy, bans use of sign language in teaching deaf children⁸

1880 – USA: National Association of the Deaf founded as an advocacy group to oppose Milan decisions⁹

1887 – Portugal: Association for the Promotion of Education of the Blind¹⁰ (SR)

1901 – USA: National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, fraternal life insurance company managed by Deaf people, acts as advocacy group¹¹ (SD)

1918 – USA: Smith–Sears Veterans Vocational Rehabilitation Act establishes vocational rehabilitation program for disabled soldiers¹² (SR)

1919 – USA: 41 states have some form of worker’s compensation, allowing those injured at work some measure of income support and rehabilitation¹³ (SR)

1920 – Fess–Smith Civilian Vocational Rehabilitation Act creates voc. rehab for disabled civilians¹⁴ (SR)

1920s – Norway: Norwegian Association of Disabled Persons founded¹⁵ (CD)

1920s – Soviet Union: In 1921 the All-Russia Cooperative of Disabled Persons was formed by the Soviet government; in 1925 the All-Union Society of the Blind and in 1926, the All-Union Society of the Deaf were formed with government support.²⁶⁸ (SD,CD)

1921 – USA: American Foundation for the Blind¹⁶ (SD)

1922 – USA: Rotary International, Easter Seal Society and Rehabilitation International founded

1923 – Soviet Union: Soviet Society of the Blind¹⁷ (SD)

1927 – USA: Warm Springs Foundation facility for polio survivors becomes model rehab and peer counseling program¹⁸ (SD)

1927 – Soviet Union: Soviet Society of the Deaf¹⁹ (SD)

1927 – Portugal: Louis Braille Association, first organization of blind people²⁰ (SD)

1932 – Greece: Panhellenic Association of the Blind²¹ (SD)

1933 – Great Britain: Mass march on London organized by National League of the Blind focuses on job discrimination²² (SD)

1935 – USA: Social Security Act established income supports for blind people and disabled children; extends vocational rehabilitation programs²³ (SR)

1935 – USA: League of the Physically Handicapped formed to protest discrimination against disabled people in federal relief programs²⁴ (CD)

1935 – USA: In November, the New York League of the Physically Handicapped picketed for 3 weeks at the headquarters of the federal government's Works Progress Administration, protesting employment discrimination²⁶⁹

1938 – USA: March of Dimes begins treatment centers and fundraising for children and adults with polio²⁵ (SD)

1940 –– USA: National Federation of the Blind²⁶ (SD)

1940 –– USA: American Federation of the Physically Handicapped²⁷ (CD)

1945 – Soviet Union: Law on disabled veterans adopted²⁸ (SR)

1946 – USA: National Mental Health Foundation founded by conscientious objectors who worked in state mental institutions, begins movement towards de–institutionalization²⁹ (SD)

1946/7 – Kenya: special school for children with intellectual impairments founded at St. Nicholas; a rehabilitation center for veterans who lost their vision during World War II opens in Thika³⁰

1948 – UK: Precursor to Paralympic Games held in London, primarily for disabled Second World War veterans³¹ (SC)

1948 – USA: Disabled students program begun at University of Illinois, providing accessible classrooms and transportation³² (SR)

1949 – USA: United Cerebral Palsy begun by parents

1950s – USA: Establishment of charitable organizations, directly or indirectly modeled on March of Dimes³³ (SD)

1950s – Norwegian umbrella association on disability issues established³⁴ (CD)

1951 – International: World federation of the Deaf is established in Rome

1954 – Malaysia: National Federation School for the Deaf³⁵ (SR)

1957 – USA: Little People of America³⁶ (SD)

1958 – USA: Gini Laurie, considered by many Americans as the "grandmother of IL," starts the Toomie J. Gazette (renamed Rehabilitation Gazette in 1978) as a forum for international information exchange by people with substantial disabilities, especially people who used respirators or had polio.

1959 – Sweden: First meeting of self advocates with cognitive impairments³⁷

1960 – Italy: First official Paralympic games, Rome³⁸ (SC)

1960 – Europe: European League of Societies for Persons with Mental Handicap³⁹ (SD)

1960 – Scandinavia: Normalization movement, primarily affecting people with developmental disabilities⁴⁰ (IL)

1960s – Sri Lanka: All–Ceylon Blind Union⁴¹ (SD)

1960s – Soviet Union: Over 90% of disabled veterans employed in workshops⁴² (SR)

1962 – International League of Societies for Persons with Mental Handicap⁴³ (SD)

1962 – USA: Disabled Residents’ Program at University of California at Berkeley⁴⁴ (SR)

1964 – France: Group for Independence of Physically Disabled Persons (GIHP)⁴⁵ (CD)

1964 – Japan: Second Paralympic games held: Japanese participants living in institutions meet participants from other countries living independently⁴⁶ (SC)

1967 – USA: National Theatre of the Deaf founded⁴⁷ (SC)

1968 – USA: Architectural Barriers Act passed, mandated physical access to federally constructed facilities⁴⁸ (DR)

1969 – Thailand: Center of Alumni of Schools for the Deaf⁴⁹ (SC)

1969 – Rehabilitation International World Congress introduces “Symbol of Access”, community-based rehabilitation “One in Ten” statistics

1970s – Brazil: Establishment of social clubs⁵⁰ (SC)

1970s – Estonia: Association of the Blind formed, followed by the Association of the Deaf⁵¹ (SD)

1970–75 – Germany: Formation of disabled social clubs and groups⁵² (SC)

1970s – Canada: Coalition of Provincial Organizations of the Handicapped⁵³ (CD)

1970–72 – USA: Peer Counseling starts through disability–specific social clubs⁵⁴ (IL)

1970 – USA: Advocacy groups, Paraquad in St. Louis and Disabled in Action in New York founded⁵⁵ (IL)

1971 – Japanese edition of Rehabilitation Gazette was published⁵⁶ (CD)

1971 – Uganda: Uganda Association of the Handicapped⁵⁷ (CD)

1972 – USA: Cooperative Living established in Houston⁵⁸ (IL)

1972 – USA: Berkeley Center for Independent Living, Independent living project at Boston University⁵⁹ (IL)

1972/3 – USA: Boston Self-Help Center founded⁶⁰

1973 – USA: Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act prohibits federally funded programs from discriminating against people with disabilities (DR)

1973 – Finland: First Independent Living Program established – The Threshold; first cross–disability association in Finland⁶¹ (IL)

1973 – Finland: Federation of 6 ILCs established⁶² (IL)

1974 – Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka Association of the Visually Handicapped⁶³ (SD)

1974 – Fiji: Fiji Paraplegic Association⁶⁴ (SC)

1974 – USA: People First, self–organization of people with developmental disabilities⁶⁵ (SD; IL)

1975 – USA: To promote cross-disability advocacy on a national level, the American Coalition of Citizens with Disabilities (ACCD) was established

1975 – USA: First national conference on independent living, held in Berkeley, CA (IL)

1975 – Asia: First Far East and South Pacific Games for the Disabled⁶⁶ (SC)

1975 – UK: Union of Physically Impaired Against Segregation founded⁶⁷

1975 – Zimbabwe: Group of disabled people living in a residential home organize themselves for advocacy⁶⁸ (IL)

1975 – Zimbabwe: Organized programs for people with disabilities in existence, including rural, women’s, educational and advocacy programs⁶⁹ (IL)

1975 – Korea: Chung–Nip Polio Center established, included people with all types of physical disabilities⁷⁰ (CD)

1975 – USA: Education for All Handicapped Children Act passed, establishing right of children with disabilities to education⁷¹ (SR)

1975 – International: UN adopts Declaration of Rights of disabled Persons

1976 – Korea: National Youth Games for Physically Disabled⁷² (SC)

1976 – USA: Independent Living Research Utilization (ILRU) program established in Houston⁷³ (IL)

1976 – International: UN proclaims 1981 as International Year of Disabled Persons (CD)

1976 – Asia: Asian Federation of Deaf⁷⁴ (SD)

1977 – Sri Lanka: United Front of the Handicapped⁷⁵ (CD)

1977 – Sweden: Building codes stipulate accessibility in multi-family housing⁷⁶

1977 – USA: Disability activists occupy Federal buildings in 10 cities, to compel implementation of the first Federal anti–discrimination legislation⁷⁷ (CD)

1977 – USA: Film Coming Home. Hollywood film positively portrays people with disabilities living independently⁷⁸ (IL)

1977 – USA: White House Conference on Handicapped People includes representatives from all states producing the first White House Action Plan with the full participation of people with disabilities⁷⁹ (CD)

1977 – USA: Second national conference on independent living is held in Houston (IL)

1977– International: Declaration of Rights adopted by World Conference on Deaf–Blind⁸⁰ (DR)

1977 – Netherlands: Umbrella association of 30 groups of disabled persons formed⁸¹ (CD)

1977 – UK: Self-advocacy “Gang of Five” sparks national movement to liberate disabled people from institutions⁸²

1977 – USA: Definition of “independent living” is developed by leading disability rights advocates (IL)

1978 – USA: Federal government agrees to fund Independent Living Centers⁸³ (IL)

1978 – Scotland: First National Forum for Disabled People⁸⁴ (CD)

1978 – Japan: Radical self–advocacy movement begins⁸⁵ (IL)

1978 – Switzerland: First conference of self–help groups in rehabilitation⁸⁶ (IL)

1978 – ADAPT begins demonstrations and advocacy for accessible public transportation

1978 – Russia: Disabled dissidents (Kiselev, Fefelo, Husainov, Muraktanov) set up "Committee on the Rights of Disabled Persons in the USSR," granted official status by the Helsinki Human Rights Watch²⁷⁰ (CD)

1978/79 – USA: Five regional conferences held across the country to introduce the concept of independent living and to provide directions for establishing ILCs (IL)

1979 – International: UN Advisory Committee for IYDP adopts theme of “Full Participation and Equality” and urges self–organization of disabled people (IL; CD; DR)

1980 – Brazil: National Meeting of Entities of Disabled People⁸⁷ (CD)

1980–81 – Canada: First Canadian ILCs founded in Winnipeg and Ontario⁸⁸ (IL)

1980–81 – Nicaragua: First organization of people with disabilities created, providing IL services and conducting advocacy⁸⁹ (IL)

1981 – South Africa: Soweto Self–Help Organization of Paraplegics⁹⁰ (IL)

1981 – UK: British Council of Organizations of Disabled People, cross–disability organization⁹¹ (CD)

1981 – Jamaica: Combined Disabilities Association⁹² (CD)

1981 – International: United Nations International Year of Disabled Persons; people with disabilities included in UN human rights resolutions⁹³ (CD; DR; IL)

1981 – USA: Mobility International USA (MIUSA) formed to develop exchanges between people with disabilities⁹⁴ (CD)

1981 – Brazil: First congress to create a cross–disability organization⁹⁵ (CD)

1981 – International: Disabled Peoples’ International (DPI) founded⁹⁶ (CD)

1981 – Japan and USA: Japanese students with disabilities come to study at US IL Centers (funded for 10 years by “Mr. Donut”)⁹⁷ (IL)

1981 – USA/Mexico: First Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR) project operated by disabled persons starts⁹⁸ (IL)

1981 – Western Samoa: National Society for the Disabled⁹⁹ (CD)

1981 – Pakistan: National Council for Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons¹⁰⁰ (SR)

1981 – China: Sports Association of Disabled Persons¹⁰¹ (SC)

1981 – Jordan: Sports Federation of Handicapped¹⁰² (SC)

1981 – St. Lucia: National Council for Disabled¹⁰³ (CD)

1981 – Norway: Telethon raises funds enabling Norwegian disability organizations to begin projects in developing countries¹⁰⁴ (IL)

1981 – Sweden: Swedish Handicap Organizations International Aid Foundation, founded by 14 Swedish disability associations to support organizations of disabled persons in developing countries¹⁰⁵ (IL)

1981 – Hungary: National Federation of Associations of Disabled Persons (MEOSZ) founded¹⁰⁶

1981 – Germany: Disability rights coalition stages mock tribunal, putting the country on trial for abuse and segregation of people with disabilities¹⁰⁷

1981 – Zimbabwe: National Council of Disabled Persons founded¹⁰⁸

1981 – Singapore: Establishment of Disabled Peoples’ International¹⁰⁹ (DPI)

1982 – Japan: Independent Living Seminar formally introduces Independent Living to Japan¹¹⁰ (IL)

1982 – Nepal: Enactment of “Disabled Protection and Welfare Act”¹¹¹

1982 – Philippines: Enactment of “Accessibility Law, BP 344”¹¹²

1982 – International: UN General Assembly proclaims 1983–92 as UN Decade of Disabled Persons (IL; CD; DR)

1982 – International: Eighth World Congress of International League of Societies for Persons with Mental Handicap (now Inclusion International) held in Nairobi: first sessions organized by self–advocates¹¹³ (SD)

1982 – USA: National Council on Independent Living (NCIL) established (IL)

1982 – Germany: First European Independent Living Conference in Munich¹¹⁴ (IL)

1982 – Germany: The Organization to Promote the Integration of Disabled Persons (FIB) founded¹¹⁵

1982 – Costa Rica: Congress on the Rights of People with Disabilities¹¹⁶ (DR)

1982 – New Zealand: Disabled Persons Assembly¹¹⁷ (CD)

1983 – South Africa: Disabled People of South Africa founded as nationwide, nonracial, democratic organization linked to anti–apartheid struggle¹¹⁸

1983 – USA: World Institute on Disability (WID) founded (IL)

1983 – Thailand: Establishment of the Council of Disabled People of Thailand (DPI-Thailand)¹¹⁹

1983 – Japan: US IL specialists organize training seminars in six cities¹²⁰

1983 – Philippines: National Congress of Disabled Persons¹²¹ (CD)

1983 – Zambia: Meeting to establish common secretariat held by Zambian associations of physically disabled, blind, and deaf¹²⁰ (CD)

1983 – France: Council of Ministers adopts action plan emphasizing access and integration¹²³ (IL)

1983 – UK: First ILCs founded in Great Britain (Hampshire, Derbyshire)¹²⁴ (IL)

1983 – Thailand: National Association of the Deaf¹²⁵ and the Association of Physically Handicapped¹²⁶ founded (SD)

1983 – Europe: First Scandinavian Independent Living Conference¹²⁷ (IL)

1983 – Brazil: Foundation of National Federation of Disabled Persons¹²⁸ (CD)

1983 – Brazil: Foundation of other national disability organizations for specific types of disabilities (e.g. blind, deaf, etc.)¹²⁹ (SD)

1983 – Canada: Human Rights Act expanded to include prohibition of disability discrimination¹³⁰ (DR)

1983 – International: United Nations establishes December 3 as International Day of Disabled Persons²⁷¹ (DR)

1984 – Fiji: Fiji Disabled People’s Association¹³¹ (CD)

1984 – China: China Welfare Fund for Handicapped (forerunner of China Disabled Persons Federation)¹³² (CD)

1984 – USA: First national conference on rural independent living¹³³ (IL)

1984 – Korea: Protest–suicide of wheelchair user galvanizes Korea’s disabled community (CD)

1984 – Estonia: Formation of disabled sports clubs¹³⁴ (SC)

1984 – Sweden: Stockholm IL Cooperative founded¹³⁵ (IL)

1984 – International: World Blind Union created by merger of International Federation of the Blind and World Council for Welfare of the Blind¹³⁶ (SD)

1984 – South Africa: In September, Disabled People South Africa was founded in Durban as part of the liberation struggle against apartheid²⁷² (CD)

1984 – International: Conference on Civil Rights of Mentally Ill People¹³⁷ (SD)

1985 – Canada: Five independent living centers in Canada¹³⁸ (IL)

1985 – Oman: Oman sports clubs for disabled people begin through the Ministry of Social Affairs¹³⁹ (SC)

1985 – Canada: National Association of Independent Living Centers formed¹⁴⁰ (IL)

1985 – Australia: Australian Bill of Rights amended to include disability¹⁴¹ (DR)

1986 – Sri Lanka: Confederation of Organizations of the Handicapped People¹⁴² (CD)

1986 – Nicaragua: Center for Promotion of Integral Rehabilitation (CEPRI) founded by disability activists

1986 – International: Action on Disability and Development founded¹⁴³ (IL)

1986 – Japan: First Independent Living Center established in Tokyo; Wakakoma–no–ie (day activity center for disabled people run by disabled people) outside of Tokyo¹⁴⁴ (IL)

1986 – Japan: DPI Japan founded¹⁴⁵ (CD)

1986 – Africa: Southern Africa Federation of the Disabled founded¹⁴⁶

1986 – Oman: For the first time, person with a disability sits on the National Committee for the Disabled (a governmental policy committee)¹⁴⁷ (CD)

1986 – USA: Toward Independence published by National Council of the Handicapped (now National Council on Disability), recommending creation of the Americans with Disabilities Act (DR)

1986 – Southern Africa: Founding of Southern Africa Federation of Disabled (SAFOD) in Durban, with representatives from Zimbabwe, South Africa, Zambia, Namibia, Lesotho & Botswana²⁷³ (CD)

1987 – Uganda: National Union of Disabled Persons Uganda¹⁴⁸ (CD)

1987 – International: Self–Help Group organized within World Congress of Mental Health¹⁴⁹ (IL)

1987 – Belgium: Independent Living Flanders founded¹⁵⁰ (IL)

1987 – Finland: Personal Assistance Services legislation adopted¹⁵¹ (IL)

1987 – International: World Federation of the Deaf elects deaf president, hires deaf secretary general¹⁵² (SD)

1987 – Korea: More than 500 disability activists protest lack of accessibility¹⁵³

1987 – Estonia: Sports Games for Disabled Adults¹⁵⁴ (SC)

1987 – Indonesia: Disabled People’s Association founded¹⁵⁵

1987 – Lebanon: More than 100 disabled Lebanese march for peace through war torn Beirut and across the country¹⁵⁶

1987 – Lebanon: Peace march of thousands of disabled people and their allies proceeds from north to south of country, organized by a group disabled by war²⁷⁴

1988 – France: First IL seminar held¹⁵⁷ (IL)

1988 – Germany: Center for Independent Living¹⁵⁸ (IL)

1988 – Belorus: Small groups of disabled people organize on local basis¹⁵⁹ (CD)

1988 – Poland: Without Barriers Foundation¹⁶⁰ (CD)

1988 – Canada: Funding partnership CAILC and Federal government¹⁶¹ (IL)

1988 – Belgium: IL Flanders Foundation¹⁶² (IL)

1988 – Soviet Union: Founding of the All–Russian Society of the Disabled¹⁶³ (CD)

1988 – USA: “Deaf President Now” protest march draws thousands of supporters to the streets of Washington, DC resulting in the first deaf President of Gallaudet University¹⁶⁴

1988 – Vietnam: Disabled persons’ organization “Bright Futures” organized, providing peer support to its members¹⁶⁵ (IL)

1988 – Korea: Paralympics held in conjunction with the Seoul Olympics, accompanied by protests on the part of disabled Koreans about the lack of accommodation and accessibility in Korea as a whole¹⁶⁶ (SC)

1988 – Estonia: Establishment of organization for people with mobility impairments¹⁶⁷ (SD)

1988 – China: Disabled Persons Federation founded¹⁶⁸ (CD)

1988 – Europe: Epilepsy Self–Help Groups organize European Congress¹⁶⁹ (SD)

1988 – Soviet Union: Federation of Physical Culture for Disabled People created by State Sports Commission¹⁷⁰ (SC)

1988 – Soviet Union: Beginning of the movement for people with physical disabilities with the establishment of the All–Russian Society of Disabled People¹⁷¹ (CD)

1988 – Soviet Union: After pressure by activists, government authorizes formation of All-Union Society of Disabled Persons, formalized by its first conference in Moscow in May²⁷⁵ (CD, DR)

1989 – Europe: Disabled people from 12 European countries met in European Parliament, focus on PAS¹⁷² (IL)

1989 – Brazil: Center for Independent Living, Rio de Janeiro¹⁷³ (IL)

1989 – Zimbabwe: After the UN Women’s Conference in Nairobi, disabled women began to organize into a strong national movement for women with disabilities¹⁷⁴ (CD)

1989 – Czech Republic: First IL organizations formed¹⁷⁵ (IL)

1989 – Hungary: National Consultative Council on Disability composed of five main associations of disabled persons, government ministries, NGOs¹⁷⁶

1989 – Estonia: Estonia–wide disability association established¹⁷⁷ (CD)

1989 – UK: 12 ILCs established and 90 personal assistance support schemes¹⁷⁸ (IL)

1989 – Singapore: Adoption of “Accessibility Code”¹⁷⁹

1989 – Korea Enactment of “Law for Welfare of Disabled Persons”¹⁸⁰

1990 – International: DPI establishes Independent Living Committee¹⁸¹ (IL)

1990 – Europe: European Network on IL formed¹⁸² (IL)

1990s – Korea: Self–help organizations form¹⁸³

1990 – Austria: BICEPS (Viennese Center for Self–Determined Living)¹⁸⁴ (IL)

1990 – Germany: Institute for Self–Determined Living¹⁸⁵ (IL)

1990 – Philippines: KAMPI – Federation of 231 grassroots organizations of people with disabilities established by Second Congress of Persons with Disabilities¹⁸⁶ (CD)

1990 – European Network on IL formed (ENIL)¹⁸⁷ (IL)

1990 – Japan: Asia Disability Institute founded to promote independence of people with disabilities in the region¹⁸⁸

1990 – Philippines: Establishment in July of the Federation of Disabled Persons in the Philippines (DPI-Philippines)¹⁸⁹

1990 – Thailand/Philippines: United States Human Care Associations invited representatives of DPI-Philippines and DPI-Thailand to an IL Study Program in Houston and St. Louis (August-September)¹⁹⁰

1990 – China: Enactment of “Law for the Protection of Disabled Persons in People's Republic of China” in December¹⁹¹

1990 – Korea: Enactment of “Disabled Persons’ Employment Promotion Law”¹⁹²

1990–1995 – Germany: Education and Research Institute for Independent Living of Disabled Persons founded: offers seminars, meetings and congresses of disabled people; publications on IL¹⁹³ (IL)

1990 – Czech Republic: TITAN, group of disabled people focusing on self–realization and economic independence¹⁹⁴ (IL)

1990 – USA: Americans with Disabilities Act passed (DR)

1990 – Romania: Romanian Association of Handicapped Persons¹⁹⁵ (CD)

1990 – Thailand: Enactment of “Welfare and Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons Act”¹⁹⁶

1991 – Japan Council on Independent Living Centers¹⁹⁷ (IL)

1991 – Oman: Association for Children with Disabilities founded, a cross–disability NGO¹⁹⁸ (CD)

1991 – Netherlands: Independent Living, Netherlands launched as a network rather than center¹⁹⁹ (IL)

1991 – Norway: Personal assistance cooperative founded²⁰⁰ (IL)

1991 – Malaysia: Amendment of “Uniform Building By-Laws”²⁰¹

1991 – Thailand/Philippines: Sweden Human Care Associations invited representatives of DPI-Philippines and DPI-Thailand to the IL study program in Stockholm²⁰²

1992 – Asia/Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons begins, adopted by UN-ESCAP at its General Assembly, for which DPI member organizations in Asia have played vital role²⁰³ (CD)

1992 – Ireland: First center for independent living in Dublin²⁰⁴ (IL)

1992 – Ireland: Irish government allowed payment of personal assistance services under the community employment scheme, meaning that ILCs can now employ personal assistance users²⁰⁵ (IL)

1992 – Japan: First IL Study Program in Japan was organized by the Catholic Association of Disabled Persons, and since then it is organized annually²⁰⁶

1992 – China: A workshop on IL movement was included for the first time in the DPI Asia/Pacific Regional Assembly²⁰⁷

1992 – Japan: Sponsorship of IL study program for Philippines and Thailand begins²⁰⁸

1992 – Philippines: Magna Carta Legislation (RA7277) passes, supporting the IL approach²⁰⁹ (IL)

1992 – Nicaragua: Federation of Disabled People is established²¹⁰ (CD)

1992 – France: Groupement Français des Personnes Handicapée (GFPH)²¹¹ (CD)

1993 – UN adopts Standard Rules on Equalization of Opportunities for Disabled Persons

1994 – Sweden: Adoption of personal assistance legislation²¹² (IL)

1994 – Vietnam: Unofficial (not formally recognized by the government) disability organizations begin to organize²¹³ (CD)

1994 – Vietnam: Association of the Blind becomes the first disability organization recognized by the government²¹⁴ (SD)

1994 – Philippines: First Asia–Pacific IL Workshop²¹⁵

1994 – Norway: PAS is included in the government action plan²¹⁶ (IL)

1994 – Ireland: Government provided funding for personal assistance services²¹⁷ (IL)

1994 – Korea: Korean women with disabilities organized for the first time²¹⁸ (CD)

1994 – Mexico: First ILC is established in Oaxaca²¹⁹ (IL)

1994– Cape Verde: ACD – Associação Caboverdeana de Deficientes²²⁰ (CD)

1994 – Cambodia: Foundation of the National Coordination Self–Help Association and the National Employment and Economic Center, the Cambodian Disabled People’s Organization, Disability Action Council and the National Center of Disabled Persons²²¹ (CD; IL)

1994 – Malaysia: People with disabilities carry out a demonstration to demand accessible monorail running in Kuala Lumpur²²²

1995 – Russia: Law on Social Protection of Disabled People adopted²²³ (DR)

1995 – Korea: The participation of one Korean woman with a disability at the 4th NGO Forum for Women held in Beijing was a catalyst for women with disabilities to organize and raise their issues in Korea²²⁴ (CD)

1995 – India: Enactment of “Persons with Disabilities Act” guaranteeing equal opportunities, protection of rights and full participation²²⁵

1995 – Cuba: International conference on disability rights held in Havana by ACLIFM, a national organization of disabled people (DR)

1995 – Lebanon: First Arab regional conference on IL (10 countries participated)²²⁶ (IL)

1995 – Netherlands: Research on independent living carried out by University of Utrecht; one of primary goals is funding for PAS²²⁷ (IL)

1995 – Estonia: Medical Association promotes IL²²⁸ (IL)

1995 – Yugoslavia: Center for Independent Living in Belgrade founded²²⁹

1995 – Uganda: Constitution revised to require that 5 members elected to Parliament have disabilities and represent this constituency²⁷⁶ (DR)

1995 – India: Enactment of first comprehensive rights-based legislation, "Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunity, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act"²⁷⁷ (DR)

1995 – Georgia: Founding of Union of Disabled People and Veterans Assistance, in Tbilisi with 500 members²⁷⁸ (CD)

1995 – UK: Disability Discrimination Act comes into force in December²⁷⁹ (DR)

1996 – Vietnam: Organization “Bright Futures” provides training in English, computer skills, leadership development and advocacy to empower people with disabilities²³⁰ (IL)

1996 – Sri Lanka: Enactment of Disability Rights Protection Law²³¹

1996 – First Swiss ILC established in Zurich²³² (IL)

1996 – UK: Direct Payments Act passed²³³ (IL)

1996 – Russia: First Russian ILC founded in Novosibirsk (Finist)²³⁴ (IL)

1996 – Irish Council of Disabilities founded²³⁵ (CD)

1996 – Zimbabwe: Government appoints people with disabilities as Sports Commissioners²³⁶ (SC)

1996 – Costa Rica: Adoption of Action Equal Opportunities for People with Disabilities²³⁷

1996 – Thailand: Mr. Narong Patibatsarakich representing DPI-Thailand was appointed as Senator²³⁸

1996 – Indonesia: Disability law passes²³⁹

1996 – India: A demonstration is held demanding legislative change and budget redistribution²⁴⁰

1996 – Uganda: 5 Members of Parliament with disabilities elected and 1 appointed to serve as Minister of State for Elderly & Disability Affairs²⁸⁰ (DR)

1996 – Serbia: Center for Independent Living founded in Belgrade²⁸¹ (IL, CD)

1997 – Korea: Adoption of access legislation²⁴¹

1997 – Belgium: Flemish government begins experimental PAS program²⁴² (IL)

1997 – Estonia: Independent Living Center established in Tallinn²⁴³ (IL)

1997 – UK: National Center for Independent Living²⁴⁴ (IL)

1997 – Belgium: First IL Center opens. First experiment with personal assistance budget²⁴⁵ (IL)

1997 – Flemish Independent Living Center opens²⁴⁷ (IL)

1997 – Russia: Perspektiva founded as independent living organization in Moscow, after serving for 3 years as Russian office of World Institute on Disability²⁸² (IL, CD)

1997/98 – Brazil: National Council of Independent Living Centers formed²⁴⁶ (IL)

1998 – Switzerland: Second ILC opens in Berne²⁴⁸ (IL)

1998 – Sweden: National Association on Independent Living founded²⁴⁹ (IL)

1998 – Korea: First Korea–Japan Independent Living Seminar²⁵⁰ (IL)

1998 – Korea: The Korean Welfare Center develops service program for women with disabilities²⁵¹ (IL)

1998 – Oman: Al Noor Association of the Blind opens. First disability–specific organization in Oman²⁵² (SD)

1998 – Egypt: Organization of disabled people founded in Cairo²⁵³ (CD)

1998 – Hungary: Law enacted on "Rights of People with Disabilities and their Equal Opportunities"²⁸³ (DR)

1998 – Arab Region: The Arab Organization of Disabled Persons was founded in Egypt by representatives of 14 countries; now headquartered in Lebanon²⁸⁴ (CD)

1998 – Georgia: Georgian Disabled Women's International Association established²⁸⁵ (CD)

1999 – Switzerland joins European IL Network (ENIL)²⁵⁴ (IL)

1999 – Ireland: Development of independent living centers explodes. ILCs in Dublin, Cork, Kerry, Laois, Bray, and Tullamore. ILCs open almost every week.²⁵⁵ (IL)

1999 – Vietnam: National Law on Disability protects the human rights of people with disabilities and requires employment quotas and inclusive education²⁵⁶ (DR; SR)

1999 – Korea: Cross–disability Institute of Independent Living forms²⁵⁷ (IL)

1999 – Thailand: Successful demonstration demanding that the Bangkok Sky Train system being constructed be made fully accessible for persons with disabilities. Over 450 persons with all types of disabilities participated²⁵⁸

1999 – USA: Supreme Court upholds “Most Integrated Setting” requirement²⁵⁹ (IL)

1999 – Zimbabwe: Government appoints a person with a disability to be the Education Minister on disability education issues²⁶⁰ (DR)

1999 – Vietnam: Accessibility requirements included into the Building Code²⁶¹ (IL)

1999 – France: Demonstration for increased funding for personal assistance and technical equipment, participated in by 23, 000 people with disabilities and their allies²⁶²

1999 – Thailand: First Independent Living seminar²⁶³ (IL)

1999 – Malaysia: First IL seminar organized by disability advocates supported by Asia Disability Institute²⁶⁴

1999 – Jamaica: National policy for people with disabilities submitted to the Cabinet for adoption²⁶⁵ (CD)

1999 – France: Peer counseling training begins²⁶⁶ (IL)

1999 – USA: The first international summit conference on independent living held in Washington D.C., in September.

1999 – Peru: In January the "General Law for People with Disabilities" comes into force, creating an entity to oversee implementation: the National Council for Integration of People with Disabilities (CONADIS)²⁸⁶ (DR)

1999 – International: Global Perspectives on Independent Living for the Next Millennium: An International Summit Conference on Independent Living assembles 125 leaders from 50 countries in Washington, DC in September, adopts declaration of principles²⁸⁷

1999 – International: In September, Rehabilitation International adopts Charter for Third Millennium, calling for UN convention on rights of disabled persons and for adoption of accessibility standards in development assistance projects²⁸⁸ (DR)

2000 – New Zealand: Parliament launches major revision of Access Standard²⁸⁹

2000 – South Africa: In February, Parliament adopted "Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Discrimination Act of 2000," including discrimination based on disability²⁹⁰

2000 – New Zealand: In response to lobbying, government's first official recognition of NZ sign language adopted, embedded in amendment to Mental Health (Compulsory Assessment & Treatment) Bill²⁹¹

2000 – International: In March in Beijing, a Declaration calling for a UN disability rights convention was issued jointly by 5 international disability organizations: DPI, RI, II, WBU & WFD²⁹²

2000 – UK: Disability Rights Commission begins operations in March, charged with overseeing implementation of Disability Discrimination Act; majority of 14 appointed Commissioners have disabilities²⁹³

2000 – Lebanon: In May, Parliament adopted a comprehensive "Directory Law Concerning People with Disabilities," supported by National Association for the Rights of Disabled People in Lebanon²⁹⁴

2000 – USA: 10th anniversary of Americans with Disabilities Act marked by exhibit on history of disability movement at Smithsonian National Museum of American History²⁹⁵

2000 – Niger: Several hundred disabled demonstrators met in Niamey, citing broken promises by politicians to support a national day of disabled persons²⁹⁶

2000 – Lebanon: Disabled women participated in a 2000 strong march in Beirut to protest sexual discrimination and gender based violence²⁹⁷

2000 – Norway: Lars Oedegaard, Secretary General of National Association of the Disabled, became first Parliamentarian using a wheelchair²⁹⁸

2000 – Japan: In response to advocacy groups, Government reviews and modifies 63 laws preventing disabled people from entering medical and allied professions²⁹⁹

2000 – Kosovo: In October disabled citizens participated in accessible election initiatives, coordinated with new disability NGO, Handikos, supported by International Foundation for Election Systems³⁰⁰

2000 – Japan: In November, the Diet (Parliament) adopted "The Law Promoting Easily Accessible Public Transportation for the Aged and Disabled"³⁰¹

2000 – El Salvador: In December, El Salvador adopted a law requiring businesses to employ 1 disabled person per every 25 workers³⁰²

2000 – Ghana: 77 disabled Ghanaians were trained as election observers in the December Presidential and Parliamentary elections³⁰³

2001 – European Union: In February, European Parliament adopted the "Bus and Coach Directive," requiring all buses in EU to be fully accessible³⁰⁴

2001 – Norway: In response to lobbying by Norwegian National Disability Council, Parliament amended main labor law to prohibit discrimination against disabled persons in the labor market and specified sanctions³⁰⁵

2001 – Bangladesh: In April, Parliament adopted first significant disability legislation, as recommended by the Bangladesh Organization of Disabled Persons³⁰⁶

2001 – Uganda: In May, Prime Minister announced a fund for support of micro-enterprise of disabled persons in response to requests from Uganda National Action on Physical Disability³⁰⁷

2001 – USA: In June compliance with Section 508 of Rehab Act became mandatory throughout federal government, requiring accessibility of information provided, ranging from kiosks in parks to websites³⁰⁸

2001 – Japan: Number of independent living centers reaches 100, 15 years after founding of first one in Hachioji City in Tokyo³⁰⁹

2001 – Thailand: In November, approximately 500 disabled activists demonstrated against employment discrimination, in front of Bangkok's Government House³¹⁰

2001 – Costa Rica: Human Rights Forum for People with Disabilities established in December³¹¹

2002 – Hungary: Disability Rights Advocates opens office in Budapest to provide equality and access training across Central Europe³¹²

2002 – USA: Electronic Disability History Museum established at www.disabilitymusuem.org³¹³

2002 – Germany: In February Parliament passes an Equal Rights Law for People with Disabilities³¹⁴

2002 – USA: Proyecto Visión, first national technical assistance center for U.S. Latinos with Disabilities, established by World Institute on Disability³¹⁵

2002 – Peru: In April the National Confederation of Disabled Persons organizes successful protest, requesting government to reorganize department overseeing disability issues³¹⁶

2002 – Spain: In response to advocacy by disability groups, Spain approves law requiring accessibility of public websites and their content³¹⁷

2002 – Caucasus: In May leading disability organizations create Network to Protect Rights of Disabled Persons, comprised of 30 representatives from 11 regions³¹⁸

2002 – Japan: 8 month scholarships to study Independent Living concepts initiated for disabled students from Mongolia, South Korea, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Malaysia, Pakistan & China³¹⁹

2002 – Mozambique: 10 year review of CBR practices finds independent living approach has taken hold and disability organizations accepted as part of civil society³²⁰

2002 – Philippines: President Gloria Arroya Declares 2003-2012 as Philippine Decade of Disabled Persons and requests National Plan of Action³²¹

2002 – Afghanistan: Disability groups protest in Kabul for increased social benefits³²²

2002 – Guatemala: 2002 Census includes disability component due to pressure from Guatemalan National Disability Council³²³

2002 – Argentina: In December 2002 the Congress of Argentina approved an accessibility law (962) in response to pressure from Rumbos Foundation and the Disability Rights Network³²⁴

2002 – Ibero-America: In December 2002 the Ibero-American Network of Organizations of People with Disabilities and their Families was created in Caracas, Venezuela by more than 100 representatives from 15 countries³²⁵

2002 – Bangkok, Thailand: Asia Pacific Development Center for People with Disabilities Established in 2002³²⁶

2003 – Costa Rica: After more than 1000 disabled persons protested in March with signs stating, "Without access, democracy is impossible," government began negotiations to address access to education and training³²⁷

2003 – Serbia: Center for Independent Living reports 250 members, organizing 30 workshops in 20 cities 2000-2001, and launching pilot project in 2003 setting up first personal assistance service³²⁸

2003 – India: Indian Rights Group Sues to Force Implementation of Act concerning people with disabilities³²⁹

2003 – Togo: in 2003 the Togolese Federation of Associations of Disabled Persons was launched, together with its project, "Rights of Disabled Persons in Togo”³³⁰

2003 – Sierra Leone: Amidst post-conflict chaos, the Handicap Action Movement & the Sierra Leone Union on Disability were founded³³¹

2003 – UK: In April Direct Payment became mandatory in England (came into force in June 1999 in Scotland), requiring that if a person is found eligible for community services, they must be offered direct payment of those funds as an alternative³³²

2003 – International: Tenerife Declaration on "Promoting Independent Living, Ending Disability Discrimination" adopted by 400 participants in European Congress on Independent Living³³³

2003 – Uganda: Over 280 students with disabilities enrolled at University of Makerere, expected to form bulk of future disability rights workers³³⁴

2003 – Cuba: International Conference on Rights of People with Disabilities, May 6-11 in Havana, sponsored by the National Council for Attention to Disabled Persons, attended by representatives of 12 countries³³⁵

2003 – Mexico: Government adopts comprehensive legislation recognizing rights of disabled persons to education, sign language & public services³³⁶

2003 – Spain: Spanish disabled citizens protest inaccessible voting³³⁷

2003 – Central Europe: "Cage Beds" protested in Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia & Slovenia³³⁸

2003 – Global: UN Launches New Disability Website in Context of Rights Approach³³⁹

References

1 “Chronological History,” at www.dww.org
2 ibid.
3 ibid.
4 ibid.
5 www.sfsu.edu/~hrdpu/chron.html
6 ibid.
7 IDEAS Portfolio
8 http://www.gallaudet.edu/~dpnweb/issues/history/newhistory4.html
9 htttp://nad.org/aboutnad.html
10 International Rehabilitation Review, I, 1984
11 sfsu.edu/~hrdpu/chron.html
12 sfsu.edu/~hrdpu/chron.html
13 sfsu.edu/~hrdpu/chron.html
14 sfsu.edu/~hrdpu/chron.html
15 Global Perspectives on Independent Living for the Next Millenium, Washington, DC, September 21-25, 1999; (“IL Conference”)
16 www.afb.org
17 Ageev, Stanislav, presentation at “History of the Disability Movement in Russia and the United States,” WID/Perspektiva Workshop for Disabled Youth, Novgorod, May 1998
18 sfsu.edu/~hrdpu/chron.html
19 Ageev, Stanislav, presentation at “History of the Disability Movement in Russia and the United States,” WID/Perspektiva Workshop for Disabled Youth, Novgorod, May 1998
20 International Rehabilitation Review, I, 1984
21 www.vacation.net.gr/p/pab.html
22 Humphries, Steve and Pamela Gordon, Out of Sight: The Experience of Disability 1900-1950, Plymouth, U.K.: Northcote Press, 1992
23 sfsu.edu/~hrdpu/chron.html
24 sfsu.edu/~hrdpu/chron.html
25 www.modimes.org
26 sfsu.edu/~hrdpu/chron.html
27 sfsu.edu/~hrdpu/chron.html
28 ”History of the Disability Movement in Russia and the United States,” WID/Perspektiva Workshop for Disabled Youth, Novgorod, May 1998
29 sfsu.edu/~hrdpu/chron.html
30 International Leadership Forum for Women with Disabilities: Final Report, May 1988, p. 120
31 “Paralympics,” Encarta On-line
32 sfsu.edu/~hrdpu/chron.html
33 “Beyond Affliction,” NPR radio program
34 IL Conference
35 www.jaring.my
36 sfsu.edu/~hrdpu/chron.html
37 Interview with Gunnar Dybwad, International Rehabilitation Review, December 1988
38 ”Paralympics,” op.cit.
39 International Rehabilitation Review, June 1988
40 Groce, Nora, The U.S. Role in International Disability Activities: a history and look towards the future, Rehabilitation International, World Institute on Disability and World Rehabilitation Fund, 1992
41 Self-Help Organizations of Disabled Persons, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, New York: United Nations, 1991
42 Ageev, Stanislav, presentation at “History of the Disability Movement in Russia and the United States,” WID/Perspektiva Workshop for Disabled Youth, Novgorod, May 1998
43 International Rehabilitation Review, December 1988
44 Interview, Hale Zukas, October 20, 1999
45 Response to IDEAS Questionnaire
46 International Rehabilitation Review, February 1986
47 sfsu.edu/~hrdpu/chron.html
48 sfsu.edu/~hrdpu/chron.html
49 Self-Help Organizations of Disabled Persons, op. cit.
50 Williams, Eugene, “Surviving Without a Safety Net in Brazil,: Ideas Study Visit Report. International Exchange of Experts and Information in Rehabilitation
51 Vosa, Jaak, Board Chairman of Independent Living Estonia, IL Conference
52 Response to IDEAS Questionnaire
53 www.cailc.org
54 IL Conference
55 sfsu.edu/~hrdpu/chron.html
56 IL Conference
57 International Rehabilitation Review, March 1977
58 IL Conference
59 Shapiro, Joseph, No Pity, New York: Times Books, 1993
60 Shapiro, Ibid.
61 Könköllä, Kalle, DPI Finland, IL Conference
62 Ibid.
63 Self-Help Organizations of Disabled Persons, op. cit.
64 Self-Help Organizations of Disabled Persons, op. cit.
65 International Rehabilitation Review, April 1977
66 http://fespic.iirt.net/eng/fespic7.htm
67 Charlton, James, Nothing About Us Without Us, 1998, p. 131
68 Malinga, Joshua, Chairperson – DPI, IL Conference
69 Ibid.
70 IL Conference
71 sfsu.edu/~hrdpu/chron.html
72 International Rehabilitation Review, II & III, 1987)
73 IL Conference
74 International Rehabilitation Review, I, 1977
75 Self-Help Organizations of Disabled Persons, op. cit.
76 78, WID/RI (1993), p. 40
77 Curtis, Bruce, IL Conference
78 Ibid.
79 Nelson, John, IL Conference
80 International Rehabilitation Review, September 1977
81 International Rehabilitation Review, January 1978
82 International Leadership Forum for Women with Disabilities: Final Report, May 1988, p. 34
83 Chelberg, Gene. “Independent Living: Pros and Cons.” Unpublished paper
84 International Rehabilitation Review, February 1977
85 IL Conference
86 International Rehabilitation Review, January 1978
87 Berman Bieler, Rosangela, “The Independent Living Movement in Latin America: Adapting a ‘First World’ Philosophy to ‘Third World’ Realities, Portfolio ‘97: IDEAS 2000
88 Enns, Henry, Canadians Center on Disability Study, IL Conference
89 IL Conference
90 www.independentliving.org
91 Response to IDEAS Questionnaire
92 Bartley, Monica, Combined Disabilities Association, IL Conference
93 IL Conference
94 IL Conference
95 IL Conference
96 IL Conference
97 IL Conference
98 Curtis, Bruce, IL Conference
99 International Rehabilitation Review, II & III, 1987
100 International Rehabilitation Review, II & III, 1987
101 International Rehabilitation Review
102 International Rehabilitation Review, II, 1983
103 International Rehabilitation Review, I, 1986
104 Rabby, Rami, IDEAS Portfolio II, 1991
105 International Rehabilitation Review, 1987
106 International Rehabilitation Review, 1, 1986
107 Personal Assistance Services in Europe and North America: Report of an International Symposium, WID/RI (1993), p. 56
108 Charlton, James, Nothing About Us Without Us, 1998, p. 12
109 Nakanishi, Shoji, email correspondence, January 2, 2000
110 IL Conference
111 Nakanishi, Shoji, email correspondence, January 2, 2000
112 Nakanishi, Shoji, email correspondence, January 2, 2000
113 International Rehabilitation Review, IV, 1982
114 IL Conference
115 Personal Assistance Services in Europe and North America: Report of an International Symposium, WID/RI (1993), p. 56
116 International Rehabilitation Review, IV, 1982
117 International Rehabilitation Review, I, 1983
118 International Rehabilitation Review, October, 1990
119 Nakanishi, Shoji, email correspondence, January 2, 2000
120 International Rehabilitation Review, I, 1983
121 Self-Help Organizations of Disabled Persons, op. cit.
122 International Rehabilitation Review
123 International Rehabilitation Review, I, 1983
124 IL Conference
125 Self-Help Organizations of Disabled Persons, op.cit.
126 Charlton, James, Nothing About Us Without Us, 1998, p. 132
127 IL Conference
128 IL Conference
129 IL Conference
130 International Rehabilitation Review, II, 1983
131 Self-Help Organizations of Disabled Persons, op. cit.
132 International Rehabilitation Review, II, 1985
133 IL Conference
134 Vosa, Jaak, Board Chairman of Independent Living Estonia, IL Conference
135 IL Conference
136 IL Conference
137 International Rehabilitation Review, I, 1985
138 www.cailc.org
139 IL Conference
140 IL Conference
141 International Rehabilitation Review, II, 1986
142 Self-Help Organizations of Disabled Persons, op. cit.
143 International Rehabilitation Review, II, 1989
144 IL Conference
145 IL Conference
146 International Leadership Forum for Women with Disabilities: Final Report, May 1988, p. 82
147 IL Conference
148 “Overcoming Obstacles to the Integration of Disabled People,” UNESCO sponsored report as a contribution to the World Summit on Social Development, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1995, Disability Awareness in Action
149 International Rehabilitation Review, December 1988
150 IL Conference
151 IL Conference
152 International Rehabilitation Review, December 1988
153 Dongho Kim, IL Conference Paper, 1999
154 International Rehabilitation Review, June 1988
155 Charlton, James, Nothing About Us Without Us, 1998, p. 144
156 International Rehabilitation Review, June 1988
157 Simon, Jean-Luc, Groupement Français des Personnes Handicapés, IL Conference
158 Response to IDEAS Questionnaire
159 Response to IDEAS Questionnaire
160 Pawlowski, Piotr, Poland Without Barriers Foundation, IL Conference
161 www.cailc.org
162 IL Conference
163 Ageev, Stanislav presentation at “History of the Disability Movement in Russia and the United States,” WID/Perspektiva Workshop for Disabled Youth, Novgorod, May 1998
164 http://www.gallaudet.edu:80/~dpnweb/
165 IL Conference
166 Kim, Dongho, Chung Nip Polio Center, IL Conference
167 Vosa, Jaak, Board Chairman of Independent Living Estonia, IL Conference
168 International Rehabilitation Review
169 International Rehabilitation Review, December 1988
170 International Rehabilitation Review, IV, 1990
171 International Leadership Forum for Women with Disabilities: Final Report, May 1988, p. 129
172 www.independentliving.org
173 Berman Bieler, Rosangela, “The Independent Living Movement in Latin America: Adapting a ‘First World’ Philosophy to ‘Third World’ Realities, Portfolio ‘97: IDEAS 2000
174 Longshow, Lizzie, National Council of Disabled Persons of Zimbabwe, IL Conference
175 Response to IDEAS Questionnaire
176 International Rehabilitation Review, October 1990
177 Vosa, Jaak, Board Chairman of Independent Living Estonia, IL Conference
178 IL Conference
179 Nakanishi, Shoji, email correspondence, January 2, 2000
180 Nakanishi, Shoji, email correspondence, January 2, 2000
181 IL Conference
182 www.independentliving.org
183 IL Conference
184 Response to IDEAS Questionnaire
185 Response to IDEAS Questionnaire
186 Self-Help Organizations of Disabled Persons, op. cit.
187 IL Conference
188 International Leadership Forum for Women with Disabilities: Final Report, May 1988, p. 87
189 Nakanishi, Shoji, email correspondence, January 2, 2000
190 Nakanishi, Shoji, email correspondence, January 2, 2000
191 Nakanishi, Shoji, email correspondence, January 2, 2000
192 Nakanishi, Shoji, email correspondence, January 2, 2000
193 Response to IDEAS Questionnaire
194 Response to IDEAS Questionnaire
195 International Rehabilitation Review, October 1990
196 Nakanishi, Shoji, email correspondence, January 2, 2000
197 IL Conference
198 Al Rawahi, Mukhtar Bin Mohammed, Oman Association of the Disabled, IL Conference
199 Response to IDEAS Questionnaire
200 IL Conference
201 Nakanishi, Shoji, email correspondence, January 2, 2000
202 Nakanishi, Shoji, email correspondence, January 2, 2000
203 IL Conference
204 Response to IDEAS Questionnaire
205 IL Conference
206 Nakanishi, Shoji, email correspondence, January 2, 2000
207 Nakanishi, Shoji, email correspondence, January 2, 2000
208 International Leadership Forum for Women with Disabilities: Final Report, May 1988, p. 90
209 IL Conference
210 IL Conference
211 Simon, Jean-Luc, op. cit.
212 Ratzka, Adolf, Institute on Independent Living, IL Conference
213 IL Conference
214 IL Conference
215 IL Conference
216 IL Conference
217 Response to IDEAS Questionnaire
218 IL Conference
219 IL Conference
220 Cardoso, David, Associação Caboverdeana de Deficientes IL Conference
221 Veasna, Yi, National Center of Disabled Persons, IL Conference
222 Nakanishi, Shoji, email correspondence, January 2, 2000
223 Ageev, Stanislav, presentation at “History of the Disability Movement in Russia and the United States,” WID/Perspektiva Workshop for Disabled Youth, Novgorod, May 1998
224 IL Conference
225 Nakanishi, Shoji, email correspondence, January 2, 2000
226 IL Conference
227 Response to IDEAS Questionnaire
228 Vosa, Jaak, Board Chairman of Independent Living Estonia, IL Conference
229 International Leadership Forum for Women with Disabilities: Final Report, May 1988, p. 106
230 IL Conference
231 Nakanishi, Shoji, email correspondence, January 2, 2000
232 IL Conference
233 IL Conference
234 IL Conference
235 IL Conference
236 IL Conference
237 International Leadership Forum for Women with Disabilities: Final Report, May 1988, p. 104
238 Nakanishi, Shoji, email correspondence, January 2, 2000
239 Nakanishi, Shoji, email correspondence, January 2, 2000
240 Nakanishi, Shoji, email correspondence, January 2, 2000
241 Nakanishi, Shoji, email correspondence, January 2, 2000
242 IL Conference
243 Vosa, Jaak, Board Chairman of Independent Living Estonia, IL Conference
244 IL Conference
245 IL Conference
246 IL Conference
247 IL Conference
248 IL Conference
249 Ratzka, Adolf, IL Conference
250 IL Conference
251 IL Conference
252 Al Rawahi, Mukhtar Bin Mohammed, op. cit.
253 IL Conference
254 IL Conference
255 IL Conference
256 IL Conference
257 IL Conference
258 IL Conference, Senator Narong Patibatsarakich and Topong Kunkhanchit
259 IL Conference
260 IL Conference
261 IL Conference
262 Equate Magazine, published by the European Disability Forum, Spring 1999
263 IL Conference
264 Disability International, Vol. 11, No. 2, 1999
265 Bartley, Monica, op. cit.
266 Simon, Jean-Luc, op. cit.
267 Ibid.
268 Disability World, Vol. 3, 2000
269 Disability World, Vol. 5, 2000
270 Disability World, Vol. 3, 2000
271 United Nations
272 Disability World, Vol. 11, 2001
273 Disability World, Vol. 17, 2003
274 Disability World, Vol. 9, 2001
275 Disability World, Vol. 3, 2000
276 Disability World, Vol. 1, 2000
277 Disability World, Vol. 9, 2001
278 Disability World, Vol. 6, 2001
279 Disability World, Vol. 3, 2000
280 Disability World, Vol. 1, 2000
281 http://www.independentliving.org
282 Disability World, Vol. 13, 2002
283 Disability World, Vol. 2, 2000
284 Disability World, Vol. 9, 2001
285 Disability World, Vol. 1, 2000
286 Disability World, Vol. 2, 2000
287 Disability World, Vol. 1, 2000
288 Disability World, Vol. 1, 2000
289 http://www.disabilityworld.org/03-04_01/access/nzaccess.shtml
290 http://www.disabilityworld.org/01-02_01/gov/southafrica.htm
291 http://www.disabilityworld.org/April-May2000/whatsnew.htm
292 http://www.disabilityworld.org/April-May2000/IntntalNews/IntnatlDevelop.htm#Five
293 http://www.disabilityworld.org/June-July2000/Governance/UKDisabilityRights.htm
294 http://www.disabilityworld.org/03-04_01/gov/lebanon.shtml
295 http://www.disabilityworld.org/June-July2000/International/Smithsonian.htm
296 http://www.disabilityworld.org/Aug-Sept2000/whatsnew.htm
297 http://www.disabilityworld.org/Aug-Sept2000/whatsnew.htm
298 http://www.disabilityworld.org/10-12_00/gov/oedegaard.htm
299 http://www.disabilityworld.org/10-12_00/gov/briefly.htm
300 http://www.disabilityworld.org/10-12_00/gov/kosovo.htm
301 http://www.disabilityworld.org/11-12_01/access/japan.shtml
302 http://www.disabilityworld.org/01-02_01/employment/elsalvador.htm
303 http://www.disabilityworld.org/01-02_01/gov/ghana.htm
304 http://www.disabilityworld.org/01-02_01/access/briefly.htm
305 http://www.disabilityworld.org/05-06_01/employment/norway.shtml
306 http://www.disabilityworld.org/05-06_01/gov/bangladesh.shtml
307 http://www.disabilityworld.org/05-06_01/employment/ugandanfund.shtml
308 http://www.disabilityworld.org/05-06_01/access/accessibleinfo.shtml
309 http://www.disabilityworld.org/11-12_01/il/briefly.shtml
310 http://www.disabilityworld.org/11-12_01/employment/thailand.shtml
311 http://www.disabilityworld.org/01-03_02/gov/costarica.shtml
312 http://www.disabilityworld.org/01-03_02/il/dra.shtml
313 http://www.disabilityworld.org/01-03_02/il/briefly.shtml
314 http://www.disabilityworld.org/01-03_02/gov/germany.shtml
315 http://www.disabilityworld.org/01-03_02/il/vision.shtml
316 http://www.disabilityworld.org/04-05_02/gov/peru.shtml
317 http://www.disabilityworld.org/09-10_02/gov/accesslaw.shtml
318 http://www.disabilityworld.org/04-05_02/il/caucasus.shtml
319 http://www.disabilityworld.org/06-08_02/il/empowerment.shtml
320 http://www.disabilityworld.org/06-08_02/il/mozambique.shtml
321 http://www.disabilityworld.org/11-12_02/il/briefly.shtml
322 http://www.disabilityworld.org/11-12_02/il/briefly.shtml
323 http://www.disabilityworld.org/11-12_02/gov/guatemala.shtml
324 http://www.disabilityworld.org/01-03_03/gov/buenosaires.shtml
325 http://www.disabilityworld.org/11-12_02/il/network.shtml
326 http://www.disabilityworld.org/04-05_03/il/briefly.shtml
327 http://www.disabilityworld.org/06-08_03/gov/costarica.shtml
328 http://www.independentliving.org/docs6/raijkov200303
329 http://www.disabilityworld.org/04-05_03/gov/india.shtml
330 http://www.disabilityworld.org/04-05_03/gov/briefly.shtml
331 http://www.disabilityworld.org/04-05_03/violence/sierraleone.shtml
332 http://www.independentliving.org/docs6/evans2003.htm
333 http://www.independentlving.org/docs6/tenerife20020426en
334 http://www.allafrica.com/stories/20030507085.html
335 http://www.disabilityworld.org/04-05_03/news/cuba.shtml
336 http://www.disabilityworld.org/06-08_03/gov/mexico.shtml
337 http://www.disabilityworld.org/06-08_03/gov/spain.shtml
338 http://www.disabilityworld.org/06-08_03/news/budapest.shtml
339 http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable